Beneficios psicológicos de la práctica de la esgrima en edades tempranas, en la provincia de Artemisa

El deporte es un fenómeno social de gran interés público que tiene un importante papel en el bienestar físico-mental, en el crecimiento y en el desarrollo integral de las personas. El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo analizar los beneficios psicológicos de la práctica de la esgrima en edades tempranas, en la provincia de Artemisa. Se utilizaron métodos de investigación teóricos como el histórico-lógico, analítico-sintético e inducción-deducción y empíricos como la entrevista que permitió conocer la opinión especializada en la práctica de la esgrima en Artemisa; el análisis de documentos para explorar el contenido de los documentos normativos que rigen la esgrima y la medición aplicada en los test de concentración de la atención de Tolouse-Pierón y el test de rapidez de pensamiento de Torrance para medir particularidades individuales del pensamiento. Se efectuó, además, una consulta a especialistas para resaltar la importancia y beneficios psicológicos de la esgrima. La muestra estuvo representada por diez niños de nueve años, de la Escuela Primaria "Gabino Labrador" ubicada en el municipio San Cristóbal, se seleccionaron de manera intencional cinco niños que llevaban dos años en la práctica de la esgrima y cinco que no. Los resultados demostraron que los niños practicantes tuvieron un mayor desarrollo de las variables analizadas, ello confirmó los beneficios psicológicos que propicia la práctica de este deporte en edades tempranas.

O esporte é um fenômeno social de grande interesse público que desempenha um papel importante no bem-estar físico-mental, no crescimento e no desenvolvimento integral das pessoas. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar os benefícios psicológicos da esgrima em uma idade precoce na província de Artemisa. Foram utilizados métodos teóricos de pesquisa, como os métodos histórico-lógico, analítico-sintético e de indução-dedução, bem como métodos empíricos, como a entrevista, que nos permitiu conhecer a opinião especializada sobre a prática da esgrima em Artemisa; a análise de documentos para explorar o conteúdo dos documentos normativos que regem a esgrima e a medição aplicada no teste de concentração de atenção de Tolouse-Pieron e no teste de velocidade de pensamento de Torrance para medir as particularidades individuais do pensamento. Além disso, foram consultados especialistas para destacar a importância e os benefícios psicológicos da esgrima. A amostra consistiu em dez crianças de nove anos de idade da Escola Primária "Gabino Labrador", no município de San Cristóbal, cinco crianças que praticavam esgrima há dois anos e cinco que não praticavam. Os resultados mostraram que as crianças que praticaram esgrima tiveram um maior desenvolvimento das variáveis analisadas, o que confirmou os benefícios psicológicos da prática desse esporte em idade precoce.

Sport is a social phenomenon of great public interest that has an important role in the physical-mental well-being, growth and comprehensive development of people. The present study had as objective to analyze the psychological benefits of practicing fencing at an early age, in the province of Artemisa. Theoretical research methods such as historical-logical, analytical-synthetic and induction-deduction were used, as well as the empirical ones as the interview that allowed to know the specialized opinion on the practice of fencing in Artemisa; the analysis of documents to explore the content of the normative documents that govern fencing and the measurement applied in the Tolouse-Pieron attention concentration test and the Torrance quick thinking test to measure individual particularities of thinking. A consultation with specialists was also carried out to highlight the importance and psychological benefits of fencing. The sample was represented by ten nine-year-old children from the "Gabino Labrador" Primary School located in the San Cristóbal municipality. Five children who had been practicing fencing for two years and five who had not were intentionally selected. The results showed that the practitioners had a greater development of the variables analyzed, this confirmed the psychological benefits that practicing this sport at an early age provides.

Inhibitory effects of Ginkgo biloba extract on renal inflammation in diabetic nephropathy model mice and its mechanism / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE To investigate the inhibitory effects of Ginkgo biloba extract （GBE） on renal inflammation in diabetic nephropathy （DN） model mice， and its potential mechanism. METHODS KK/Ay mice were fed with high fat and high sugar to induce DN model. They were divided into model group， positive control group [metformin 200 mg/（kg·d）]， GBE low-dose and high-dose groups [100， 200 mg/（kg·d）]， with 6 mice in each group. Six C57BL/6J mice were fed with a regular diet as the control group. Administration groups were given relevant liquid intragastrically， control group and model group were given constant volume of normal saline intragastrically， once a day， for 8 consecutive weeks. The body weight， fasting blood glucose， 24-hour food intake， 24-hour urine output， monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 （MCP-1）， interleukin-12 （IL-12）， IL-10， advanced glycation end products （AGEs）， blood urea nitrogen （BUN） and serum creatinine （Scr） of mice were measured， and the ratio of bilateral kidneys to body weight was also calculated. The pathological injury and fibrotic changes of the renal cortex were observed， and the expressions of macrophage polarization marker proteins [type M1： inducible nitric oxide synthase （iNOS）； type M2： arginase-1 （Arg-1）] and AGEs-the receptor of advanced glycation end products （RAGE）/Ras homolog gene pharm_chenjing@163.com family member A （RhoA）/Rho-associated coiled-coil forming protein kinase （ROCK） signaling pathway-related proteins were determined in renal cortex. RESULTS Compared with the model group， the symptoms such as renal cortical hyperplasia， vacuoles， infiltration of inflammatory cells， and renal cortical fibrosis had been improved in GBE low-dose and high-dose groups； body weight， serum level of IL-10， the expression of Arg-1 in the renal cortex were significantly higher than model group （P＜ 0.01）； fasting blood glucose， 24-hour food intake， 24-hour urine output， serum levels of MCP-1， IL-12， BUN， Scr and AGEs， the ratio of bilateral kidneys to body weight， renal injury score， the proportion of renal interstitial fibrosis， the protein expressions of iNOS， RAGE， RhoA and ROCK1 （except for GBE low-dose group） in renal cortex were significantly lower than model group （P＜0.01）. CONCLUSIONS GBE could improve kidney damage and alleviate inflammatory response in DN model mice， the mechanism of which may be related to inhibiting the AGEs-RAGE/RhoA/ROCK signaling pathway and regulating macrophage polarization.

Desfechos clínicos e físico-funcionais na fase intra-hospitalar de idosos com fratura de fêmur / Clinical and physical-functional outcomes in the in-hospital phase of elderly people with femur fracture

As quedas em idosos representam um importante problema de saúde pública devido à associação com a morbimortalidade. Objetivos: Descrever o perfil epidemiológico de idosos com fratura de fêmur proximal, bem como associar o tempo de espera para a cirurgia e os desfechos clínicos com as variáveis físico-funcionais. Métodos: Estudo transversal analítico, de idosos com fratura de fêmur proximal de origem traumática. Os aspectos físico-funcionais foram avaliados pelo Índice de Barthel, Escala de Lawton, Medical Research Council e Dinamometria de Força de Preensão Palmar em dois momentos distintos, admissão e alta hospitalar. Foi realizado análise estatística descritiva e inferencial adotando-se p<0,05. Resultados: A amostra foi composta por 64 indivíduos, sendo 48 (75%) do sexo feminino, com média de idade de 77,8 anos (±8,73). Os pacientes com maior dependência funcional no Índice de Barthel na admissão (U= 282,000; p<0,05) e na alta hospitalar (U= 248,000; p<0,05) aguardaram mais tempo para o procedimento cirúrgico. O principal desfecho foi a alta, de 55 pacientes (85,9%), no entanto aqueles que evoluíram a óbito apresentaram piores pontuações na Escala de Lawton (t(62)= -2,060; p<0,05) e no Índice de Barthel (U= 145,500; p<0,05) no momento da admissão. Conclusão: O perfil de idosos com fratura de fêmur proximal são mulheres, na transição para a oitava década de vida, vítimas de queda da própria altura. Idosos com maior dependência funcional aguardaram mais tempo para a cirurgia e apresentaram piores desfechos

Falls in the elderly represent an important public health problem due to the association with morbidity and mortality. Objectives: To describe the epidemiological profile of elderly people with proximal femur fractures, as well as to associate the waiting time for surgery and clinical outcomes with physical-functional variables. Methods: Analytical cross-sectional study of elderly patients with fractures of the proximal femur of traumatic origin. Sociodemographic, trauma and clinical information were obtained via electronic medical records. The physical-functional aspects were assessed using the Barthel Index, Lawton Scale, Medical Research Council and Hand Grip Strength at two different times, admission and hospital discharge. Descriptive and inferential statistical analysis was performed, adopting p<0.05. Results: The sample consisted of 64 individuals, 48 (75.0%) of which were female, with a mean age of 77.8 years (±8.73). The median waiting time for surgery was 12 (8-15) days. Patients with greater functional dependence on the Barthel Index at admission (U= 282.000; p<0.05) and at hospital discharge (U= 248.000; p<0.05) waited longer for the surgical procedure. The main outcome was discharge 55 (85.9%), however, patients who evolved to death had worse scores on the Lawton Scale (t(62)= -2.060; p<0.05) and on the Barthel Index (U = 145.500; p<0.05) at admission. Conclusion: The profile of elderly people with proximal femur fractures are women, in the transition to the eighth decade of life, victims of a fall from their own height. Elderly people with greater functional dependence waited longer for surgery and had worse outcomes

Effect of Jingui Shenqiwan on Diabetic Osteoporosis in Mice via AGEs/RANKL/NF-κB Pathway Based on Theory of "Kidneys Governing Bones" / 中国实验方剂学杂志

ObjectiveTo investigate the effect of Jingui Shenqiwan on diabetic osteoporosis （DOP） in mice by regulating the advanced glycation end products （AGEs）/receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand （RANKL）/nuclear factor-κB （NF-κB） signaling pathway based on the theory of "kidneys governing bones". MethodForty 6-week-old male and female skeletal-muscle-specific， dominant negative insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor （MKR） mice were selected and fed on a high-fat diet for eight weeks to establish the DOP model. The model mice were randomly divided into a model group， low- and high-dose Jingui Shenqiwan group （1.3， 2.6 g·kg-1）， and an alendronate sodium group （0.01 g·kg-1）， with 10 mice in each group. Additionally， 10 FVB/N mice of the same age were assigned to the normal group. The corresponding drugs were administered orally to each group once a day for four weeks. After the administration period， fasting blood glucose （FBG） measurement and oral glucose tolerance test （OGTT） were conducted. Kidney function and kidney index were measured. Renal tissue pathological changes were observed through hematoxylin-eosin （HE） and Masson staining. Immunohistochemistry was performed to assess the protein expression levels of AGEs， phosphorylated NF-κB （p-NF-κB）， and RANKL in renal tissues. Western blot analysis was conducted to measure the expression of proteins related to the AGEs/RANKL/NF-κB signaling pathway， osteoprotegerin （OPG）， and Runt-related transcription factor 2 （RUNX2） proteins in femoral bone tissues. ResultCompared with the normal group， mice in the model group exhibited significantly increased FBG （P<0.01）， trabecular bone degeneration， abnormal bone morphological parameters， significantly increased area under the curve （AUC） of OGTT （P<0.01）， enlarged kidney volume， significantly increased kidney function indicators and kidney index （P<0.01）， disrupted renal glomeruli and renal tubule structures， significantly increased expression of AGEs， RANKL， and p-NF-κB/NF-κB in renal tissues （P<0.05）， and significantly decreased expression of OPG and RUNX2 in femoral bone tissues （P<0.01）. Compared with the model group， mice in the Jingui Shenqiwan groups showed a significant decrease in OGTT AUC （P<0.01）. Histopathological analysis revealed alleviated structural lesions in renal glomeruli and renal tubules. Furthermore， the expression of AGEs， RANKL， and p-NF-κB/NF-κB in renal tissues was significantly reduced （P<0.05， P<0.01）， and the expression of RUNX2 and OPG in femoral bone tissues was significantly increased （P<0.05， P<0.01）. ConclusionJingui Shenqiwan can improve kidney function and downregulate the AGEs/RANKL/NF-κB signaling pathway to inhibit inflammatory reactions， thereby alleviating the symptoms of DOP in mice， demonstrating a therapeutic effect on DOP from the perspective of the kidney.

Mechanism of Bugansan Decoction in ameliorating learning and memory impairment in D-galactose-induced aging rats based on AGEs/RAGE/NF-κB pathway / 数字中医药（英文）

@#Objective To investigate the underlying mechanism of the compound Bugansan Decoction (补肝散, BGSD) in intervening learning and memory in D-galactose (D-gal)-induced aging rats. @*Methods@#A total of 40 rats were randomly assigned to four groups: control, model, BGSD [14.06 g/(kg·d)], and piracetam [0.4 g/(kg·d)] groups, with 10 rats in each group. D-gal [400 mg/(kg·d)] was injected intraperitoneally to establish the aging rat model. The rats' body weight, water intake, food intake, and gripping strength were recorded each week. The eightarm maze and step-down test were used to measure the rats' capacity for learning and memory. Liver, thymus, spleen, and brain tissues were weighed to calculate the corresponding organ indices; serum malondialdehyde (MDA) content and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity were measured. Hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining was adopted to observe the pathological changes of the hippocampus; enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to detect the levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-6, and IL-1β in the hippocampus. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) was used to detect the expression of receptors for advanced glycation end products (RAGE), nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β mRNA in the hippocampus. Western blot (WB) was employed to detect the expression levels of advanced glycation end products (AGEs), RAGE, and NF-κB protein in the hippocampus. @*Results@#In D-gal-induced aging rats, BGSD significantly increased food intake, water intake, body weight, gripping strength, and organ indices (P < 0.05), and significantly decreased working memory error (WME), reference memory error (RME), and total memory errors (TE) in an eight-arm maze (P < 0.05). In the step-down test, step-down latency was prolonged and the frequency of errors dropped (P < 0.05). Additionally, BGSD could lessen the harm done to hippocampus neurons, increase serum SOD activity, lower MDA levels, and down-regulate the expression levels of the pro-inflammatory molecules TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β (P < 0.05). Further findings showed that BGSD significantly decreased hippocampal AGEs, RAGE, and NF-κB expression (P < 0.05). @*Conclusion@#By blocking the AGEs/RAGE/NF-κB signaling pathway, BGSD may regulate the neuroinflammatory damage in D-gal-induced aging rats, and thus improve learning and memory.

Manifestaciones oftalmológicas en pacientes con enfermedades reumáticas en edades pediátricas / Ophthalmologic manifestations in patients with rheumatic diseases in pediatric ages

El diagnóstico de las enfermedades reumatológicas en los niños supone un gran impacto para el paciente, padres y familiares. Uno de cada 1.000 niños podría sufrir una enfermedad reumatológica. Los síntomas del sistema locomotor son un motivo de consulta frecuente. Las enfermedades reumáticas producen un gran número de manifestaciones sistémicas, muchas de ellas incapacitantes, entre las que se encuentran las alteraciones oftalmológicas que aparecen en un porciento elevado de casos. Para poder diagnosticarlas es fundamental en primer lugar conocerlas, su diagnóstico precoz permite el tratamiento adecuado para evitar complicaciones como la disminución o pérdida visual irreversible en muchos casos. En este trabajo se realizó una búsqueda automatizada con el objetivo de encontrar información actualizada sobre el tema y describir las lesiones oculares observadas en pacientes pediátricos con afecciones reumáticas e identificación temprana de signos predictivos del desarrollo de las mismas(AU)

The diagnosis of rheumatologic diseases in children denotes a great impact for the patient, parents and relatives. One in every 1,000 children could suffer from a rheumatologic disease. Symptoms of the locomotor system are a frequent reason for consultation. Rheumatic diseases produce a large number of systemic manifestations, many of them disabling, including ophthalmologic alterations which appear in a high percentage of cases. In order to be able to diagnose them, it is essential to know them first of all, their early diagnosis allows the appropriate treatment, to avoid complications such as irreversible visual decrease or loss in many cases. In this work an exhaustive automated search was carried out in order to find updated information on the subject and to describe the ocular lesions observed in pediatric patients with rheumatic diseases and early identification of predictive signs of their development(AU)

Comparison of clinical features of Takayasu′s arteritis in children at different ages / 中华实用儿科临床杂志

Objective:To improve the understanding of Takayasu′s arteritis (TA) and its diagnosis and treatment by analyzing and summarizing the clinical characteristics of TA in children at different ages.Methods:Clinical and follow-up data of 41 children with TA admitted in Children′s Hospital, Capital Institute of Pediatrics between January 2010 and May 2020 were retrospectively analyzed.Based on the cut-off age of 3 years, children with TA were divided into older group and younger group.Clinical characteristics, involvement of the coronary artery, blood pressure control and growth restriction between 2 groups were analyzed.Counting data were expressed as percentage and case, and compared by the Chi- square test. Results:Among the 17 children with TA in younger group, there were 8 males and 9 females.There were 6 males and 18 females in older group.The general type was most common in younger group, with 10 cases (58.8%). In older group, thoracic and abdominal aortic type was the most common, with 13 cases (54.2%). The most common clinical manifestation in younger group was fever, with 13 cases (76.5%). In older group, 19 patients (79.2%) had hypertension.Lower hemoglobin (Hb) was detected in younger group.Leukocyte count, C-reactive protein (CRP), and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) increased in all patients (100.0%). In older group, leukocyte count increased in 6 cases (25.0%), ESR increased in 13 cases (54.2%), and CRP increased in 11 cases (45.8%). The coronary artery and its branches (anterior descending branch and circumvolute branch) were the mostly affected in younger group, with 16 cases (94.1%). The subclavian artery was the most commonly involved in older group (15 cases, 62.5%). All TA children in younger group were in the active stage.Among them, 8 cases were treated with biological agents alone, 3 cases were treated with glucocorticoid alone, 5 cases were treated with the combination of glucocorticoid and biological agents, and 1 case was treated with glucocorticoid first, and then transferred to biological agents due to the poor effect.In older group, there were 18 active-stage patients (75.0%), and 2 refused treatment.Sixteen active patients and 6 inactive patients were treated with glucocorticoid, involving 19 cases treated with glucocorticoid combined with Cyclophosphamide, and 3 cases treated with glucocorticoid combined with biologics.There were 16 cases of coronary artery involvement in younger group and only 1 case in older group ( P<0.01). In younger group, 9 patients had growth restriction, while none was detected in older group ( P<0.01). The blood pressure of younger group was all controlled, which was not satisfactorily controlled in 16 cases of older age ( P<0.01). The incidence of general type and active stage in younger group was higher than that of older group without significant difference ( P>0.05). Conclusions:The clinical characteristics of TA vary at different ages.TA progresses more rapidly in younger children, which are more prone to the involvement of extensive vessels, the coronary arteries and other vessels, and the effects of drugs on growth and development should be well concerned.Older TA patients can be alleviated into the inactive phase by themselves, which is mainly characterized as the involvement of large vessels and hypertension sequelae.

Analysis of drug resistance of Helicobacter pylori in different age groups in Ningxia / 中华消化杂志

Objective:To investigate the antibiotics resistance of patients with Helicobacter pylori ( H. pylori) infection of different age in Ningxia. Methods:From July to December 2021, a total of 1 040 patients with H. pylori infection confirmed by 14C-urea breath test who had no history of H. pylori treatment and underwent gastroscopy were selected from the H. pylori special outpatient clinics from Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region People′s Hospital, Ningxia Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Yuanzhou District People′s Hospital of Guyuan, Wuzhong People′s Hospital, the Second People′s Hospital of Shizuishan, People′s Hospital of Zhongwei, Yinchuan First People′s Hospital. Gastric mucosa specimens were obtained under gastroscopy and cultured for H. pylori in vitro. Harvested H. pylori were detected for H. pylori drug resistance phenotype. Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method was used to detect antibiotic sensitivity. Previous use of antibiotics of patients were recorded. The characteristics of primary drug resistance of people≤44, 45 to 59, and ≥60 years old were analyzed. Chi-square test was used for statistical analysis. Results:A total of 538 H. pylori strains were obtained from 1 040 gastric mucosa specimens cultured in vitro, with a positive rate of 51.7%. A total of 187 patients could provide information on history of antibiotics usage. The primary drug resistance rates of metronidazole, clarithromycin and levofloxacin were high, which were 95.5% (514/538), 44.6% (240/538) and 45.4% (244/538), respectively; however drug resistance of amoxicillin, furazolidone and tetracycline were not found. The double drug resistance rate was 36.4% (196/538), mainly resistant to metronidazole and clarithromycin or metronidazole and levofloxacin, the drug resistance rates were 17.8% (96/538), 18.2% (98/538), respecitively. The triple drug resistance rate was 25.5% (137/538), all of the strains were metronidazole, clarithromycin and levofloxacin resistant strains. The primary drug resistance rates to levofloxacin and clarithromycin in patients with H. pylori infection who had previous history of quinolones and macrolides were 60.9% (28/46) and 63.4% (83/131), respectively; which were higher than those of patients who had not used corresponding drugs (41.8%, 59/141 and 39.3%, 22/56), and the differences were statistically significant ( χ2=5.05 and 9.23, P=0.023, 0.002). The drug resistance rates of metronidazole of ≤44, 45 to 59, and ≥60 years old group were 94.2% (163/173), 95.5% (231/242) and 97.6% (120/123), respectively, and the differences were not significant ( P>0.05). The single drug resistance rates of levofloxacin of ≤44, 45 to 59, and ≥60 years old group were 34.7% (60/173), 48.3% (117/242) and 54.5% (67/123), respectively, and the differences were statistically significant ( χ2=12.95, P=0.002). The levofloxacin resistance rate of ≤44 years old group was lower than that of 45 to 59, and ≥60 years old group, and the differences were statistically significant ( χ2=7.70 and 11.49, P=0.006, 0.001). The single drug resistance rates of clarithromycin of ≤44, 45 to 59, and ≥60 years old group were 36.4% (63/173), 50.4% (122/242) and 44.7% (55/123), respectively, and the differences were statistically significant ( χ2=8.00, P=0.018). The clarithromycin resistance rate of ≤44 years old group was lower than 45 to 59 years old group, and the difference was statistically significant ( χ2=8.00, P=0.005). Dual drug resistance rates of levofloxacin and clarithromycin of ≤44, 45 to 59 and ≥60 years old group were 49.7%(86/173), 70.2%(170/242), 45.5%(56/123), and the difference was statistically significant( χ2=27.63, P<0.001). The resistance rate of clarithromycin and levofloxacin in 45 to 59 years old group was higher than that in ≤44 and ≥60 years old group, and the difference was statistically significant ( χ2=18.00 and 21.13, both P<0.001). Conclusions:Primary drug resistance rates to metronidazole, levofloxacin and clarithromycin are high in patients with H. pylori infection of different ages in Ningxia. Individualized eradication therapy guided by drug resistance test is recommended.

Spatial-resolved metabolomics reveals tissue-specific metabolic reprogramming in diabetic nephropathy by using mass spectrometry imaging

Detailed knowledge on tissue-specific metabolic reprogramming in diabetic nephropathy (DN) is vital for more accurate understanding the molecular pathological signature and developing novel therapeutic strategies. In the present study, a spatial-resolved metabolomics approach based on air flow-assisted desorption electrospray ionization (AFADESI) and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) integrated mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) was proposed to investigate tissue-specific metabolic alterations in the kidneys of high-fat diet-fed and streptozotocin (STZ)-treated DN rats and the therapeutic effect of astragaloside IV, a potential anti-diabetic drug, against DN. As a result, a wide range of functional metabolites including sugars, amino acids, nucleotides and their derivatives, fatty acids, phospholipids, sphingolipids, glycerides, carnitine and its derivatives, vitamins, peptides, and metal ions associated with DN were identified and their unique distribution patterns in the rat kidney were visualized with high chemical specificity and high spatial resolution. These region-specific metabolic disturbances were ameliorated by repeated oral administration of astragaloside IV (100 mg/kg) for 12 weeks. This study provided more comprehensive and detailed information about the tissue-specific metabolic reprogramming and molecular pathological signature in the kidney of diabetic rats. These findings highlighted the promising potential of AFADESI and MALDI integrated MSI based metabolomics approach for application in metabolic kidney diseases.

Progress in Advanced Glycation End-Products Effects on Biomechanics of Bone Tissues / 医用生物力学

Advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) are the products of non-enzymatic reactions between free amino groups of macromolecules and reducing sugars. AGEs accumulation in bone tissues changes the activity and function of bone cells by binding to their surface receptors, causing abnormalities in the process of bone remodeling. AGEs accumulation can also change the original structure and mineral deposition of bone collagen, affect the micro-mechanical properties of bone tissues, and further reduce bone strength and toughness, increase the bone fracture risk, which will lead to bone diseases and do great harm to human health. This article summarized the causes of AGEs and their detection methods, and reviewed previous studies about the effects of AGEs accumulation on bone biomechanics at micro and macro levels, so as to provide references for the early diagnosis and treatment of bone diseases in clinic.

VEGF-B antibody and interleukin-22 fusion protein ameliorates diabetic nephropathy through inhibiting lipid accumulation and inflammatory responses

Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is considered the primary causes of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) and is related to abnormal glycolipid metabolism, hemodynamic abnormalities, oxidative stress and chronic inflammation. Antagonism of vascular endothelial growth factor B (VEGF-B) could efficiently ameliorate DN by reducing renal lipotoxicity. However, this pharmacological strategy is far from satisfactory, as it ignores numerous pathogenic factors, including anomalous reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and inflammatory responses. We found that the upregulation of VEGF-B and downregulation of interleukin-22 (IL-22) among DN patients were significantly associated with the progression of DN. Thus, we hypothesized that a combination of a VEGF-B antibody and IL-22 could protect against DN not only by regulating glycolipid metabolism but also by reducing the accumulation of inflammation and ROS. To meet these challenges, a novel anti-VEGFB/IL22 fusion protein was developed, and its therapeutic effects on DN were further studied. We found that the anti-VEGFB/IL22 fusion protein reduced renal lipid accumulation by inhibiting the expression of fatty acid transport proteins and ameliorated inflammatory responses

Especificidad de pruebas rápidas y confirmatorias de vih/sida de pacientes femeninas en edades reproductivas del hospital general esmeraldas sur / Specificity of rapid and confirmatory hiv / aids tests of female patients in reproductive ages of the General Hospital Esmeraldas Sur

EL Virus de Inmunodeficiencia Humana, constituye un grave problema de salud a nivel mundial. El VIH, es una patología que ataca las células CD4 del sistema inmunitario, ocasionando un desperfecto en el sistema inmune, lo cual hace más fácil la llegada de infecciones o enfermedades oportunistas. Objetivo: Conocer la especificidad de las pruebas rápidas y pruebas confirmatorias de pacientes con VIH en edades reproductivas del Hospital General Esmeraldas Sur, en el área de laboratorio clínico. Metodología: Es un estudio Cuantitativo, de corte longitudinal retrospectivo, con alcance descriptivo, que permitió ordenar, interpretar y tabular los resultados de las pruebas rápidas y pruebas confirmatorias de VIH/sida de pacientes femeninas en edades reproductivas. Evidenciándose la falta de información en el registro de pacientes con VIH/sida del HGES, de los datos estadísticos, en 49 pacientes femeninas registras en el HGES. Resultados: El estudio indica que existe un predominio de pacientes con VIH/sida 30 casos corresponde a pacientes al grupo etario ≤ 30 años, seguido por 12 casos que corresponde a pacientes del grupo etario ≤ 40 años, mientras que los pacientes del grupo etario ≤ 45 representan un 8% (4 casos) y el 6% (3 casos) corresponde a pacientes ≤ 20. El 61% corresponde a ≤ 30 años, en segundo lugar, con el 25% las ≤ 40 años. Conclusiones: Los registros observados en el HGES, durante el proceso de investigación, no fueron suficientes para alcanzar el objetivo propuesto, para tal efecto es necesario disponer de los registros completos de los pacientes con VIH/sida en todas las pruebas, según en algoritmo de la OMS. Además, de brindar confianza a la ciudadanía con resultados de calidad, se debe utilizar recursos tecnológicos y demás instrumentos que permitan al profesional de salud, dar un diagnóstico correcto y oportuno. Todo enmarcado en la ética principal, la conservación de la vida(AU)

The Human Immunodeficiency Virus constitutes a serious health problem worldwide. HIV is a pathology that attacks the CD4 cells of the immune system, causing damage to the immune system, which makes it easier for infections or opportunistic diseases to arrive. Objective: To know the specificity of the rapid tests and confirmatory tests of patients with HIV in reproductive ages of the General Hospital Esmeraldas Sur, in the clinical laboratory area. Methodology: It is a quantitative study, retrospective longitudinal section, with descriptive scope, which allowed ordering, interpreting and tabulating the results of rapid tests and confirmatory tests of HIV / AIDS of female patients of reproductive ages. Evidence of the lack of information in the registry of patients with HIV / AIDS of the HGES, of the statistical data, in 49 female patients registered in the HGES. Results: The study indicates that there is a predominance of patients with HIV / AIDS. 30 cases correspond to patients in the age group ≤ 30 years, followed by 12 cases corresponding to patients in the age group ≤ 40 years, while patients in the age group ≤ 45 represent 8% (4 cases) and 6% (3 cases) correspond to patients ≤ 20. 61% correspond to ≤ 30 years, secondly, with 25% those ≤ 40 years. Conclusions: The records observed in the HGES, during the research process, were not sufficient to achieve the proposed objective, for this purpose, it is necessary to have complete records of patients with HIV / AIDS in all tests, according to the algorithm of The OMS. In addition, to provide confidence to the public with quality results, technological resources and other instruments must be use that allow the health professional to give a correct and timely diagnosis. All framed in the main ethic, the conservation of life(AU)

Enfoque integral del dolor por cáncer en pacientes en edad pediátrica / Comprehensive Approach to Cancer Pain in Pediatric Patients

RESUMEN El cáncer se consideraba una enfermedad rara en niños y adolescentes, sin embargo, en las últimas décadas ha habido un aumento considerable de este padecimiento. Según la Unión Internacional Contra el Cáncer las estadísticas señalan que cada año más de 160 mil niños son diagnosticados. El dolor es un síntoma cardinal en estos pacientes. La evaluación es compleja y requiere entrenamiento en el uso de escalas diseñadas y validadas para las distintas edades. El manejo del dolor por cáncer en los niños es un gran reto, pero al mismo tiempo una oportunidad para el personal de la salud de ejercer sus conocimientos y habilidades para ayudarlos. Este trabajo tiene como objetivo exponer las principales características del dolor por cáncer en pediatría, su evaluación y manejo, sobre la base de los conocimientos fisiopatológicos, teniendo en cuenta los aspectos referenciados en lo más actualizado de la literatura especializada. Se realizó un enfoque integral que incluye tanto medidas farmacológicas como no farmacológicas.

ABSTRACT Cancer was considered a rare disease in children and adolescents; however, in recent years there has indicate that each year more than 160 thousand children are diagnosed. Pain is a cardinal symptom been a considerable increase in this disease. According to the International Union Against Cancer, statistics in these patients. The evaluation is complex and requires training in the use of scales designed and validated for different ages. Managing cancer pain in children is a great challenge, but at the same times an opportunity for health personnel to exercise their knowledge and skills to help them. This work aims to expose the main characteristics of pain from cancer in pediatrics, its evaluation and management, based on the pathophysiological knowledge, taking into account the aspects referenced in the most current specialized literature. All through a comprehensive approach that includes both pharmacological and non-pharmacological measures.

Molecular Dynamic Simulation of Centella asiatica Compound as an Inhibitor of Advanced Glycation End Products

The studies have suggested that advanced glycation end products (AGEs) induce stress oxidative and inflammatorypathway, which results in chronic complication. Centella asiatica (CA) has been shown as a promising candidate forAGE inhibitor due to its ability of reducing AGE production. This study aims to explore the molecular docking ofCA active compound as an inhibitor of AGEs and receptor AGEs (RAGEs). The top three docking structures werepicked for molecular dynamic (MD) simulations. Based on MD simulation in this study, we found that CA activecompound had been proven to interact with AGEs and RAGE. AGEs bound to asiaticoside, madasiatic acid, andmadecassic acid with a binding energy of −11.8253, −10.6724, and −10.1462 kcal/mol, respectively. Nonetheless,Asn106, Asp324, Asp376, Tyr420, and Tyr500 of AGEs made a significant contribution to the complex of asiaticosideAGE, as well as those for the madasiatic acid AGE, which were Asn118 and Tyr500. RAGE bound to asiaticoside,asiatic acid, and isothankunik acid with a binding energy of −10.6125, −9.4469, and −9.1015 kcal/mol, respectively.CA active compounds, specifically asiatic acid, madasiatic acid, and madecassic acid, interacted with AGEs, whereasasiaticoside and isothankunik acid interacted with RAGE based on docking and model studies.

Association between surgical procedures under general anesthesia in infancy and developmental outcomes at 1 year: the Japan Environment and Children's Study

BACKGROUND@#The neurotoxicity of general anesthesia to the developing human brains is controversial. We assessed the associations between surgery under general anesthesia in infancy and development at age 1 year using the Japan Environment and Children's Study (JECS), a large-scale birth cohort study.@*METHODS@#In the JECS, 103,062 pregnancies and 104,065 fetuses were enrolled between January 2011 and March 2014. Of the 100,144 registered live births, we excluded preterm or post-term infants, multiple births, and infants with chromosomal anomalies and/or anomalies of the head or brain. Data on surgical procedures under general anesthesia in infancy were collected from self-administered questionnaires by parents at the 1-year follow-up. Developmental delay at age 1 year was assessed using the Japanese translation of the Ages and Stages Questionnaires, Third Edition (J-ASQ-3), comprising five developmental domains.@*RESULTS@#Among the 64,141 infants included, 746 infants had surgery under general anesthesia once, 90 twice, and 71 three or more times. The percentage of developmental delay in the five domains of the J-ASQ-3 significantly increased with the number of surgical procedures. After adjusting for potential confounding factors, the risk of developmental delays in all five domains was significantly increased in infants who had surgery under general anesthesia three times or more (adjusted odds ratios: for communication domain 3.32; gross motor domain 4.69; fine motor domain 2.99; problem solving domain 2.47; personal-social domain 2.55).@*CONCLUSIONS@#Surgery under general anesthesia in infancy was associated with an increased likelihood of developmental delay in all five domains of the J-ASQ-3, especially the gross motor domain at age 1 year. The neurodevelopment with the growth should be further evaluated among the children who had surgery under general anesthesia.@*TRIAL REGISTRATION@#UMIN Clinical Trials Registry (number: UMIN000030786 ).

Clinical observation of binocular vision function after intermittent exotropia surgery at different ages / 国际眼科杂志(Guoji Yanke Zazhi)

@#AIM: To investigate the recovery of binocular vision in patients with intermittent exotropia of different age.<p>METHODS: Totally 172 patients with intermittent exotropia who underwent strabismus correction in our department from January 2016 to January 2018 were selected, including 95 males and 77 females, aged from 3 to 32 years, with an average age of 11.4±1.5 years. All patients with intermittent exotropia were basic type. According to the age of operation, the patients were divided into two groups: the group of less than 9 years old(90 cases)and the group of more than 9 years old(82 cases).The preoperative, 1d, 7d, 1mo and 3mo after operation were observed. The function of binocular vision was examined by synoptophore and myopia was examined by Titmus.<p>RESULTS: A comparison of simultaneous vision: at the same time, the visual function, fusion function, fusion range, far stereo, near stereo recovery effect of patients ≤9 years group was better than that of patients >9 years group. The difference was statistically significant(<i>P</i><0.05). <p>CONCLUSION:Suggested surgical treatment of intermittent exotropia before 9 years old. Early operation is conducive to better improvement of binocular vision after surgery.

Effect of GSH and niacin combination on protein oxidation, ER stress, glycation and aggregation in HLE cells under high glucose condition / 国际眼科杂志(Guoji Yanke Zazhi)

@#AIM:To evaluate the effects of reduced glutathione(GSH)and niacin combination on protein oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum(ER)stress, glycation, and aggregation of the αβ crystalline in human lens epithelial(HLE)cells treated with high glucose levels. <p>METHODS:HLE cells were cultured and exposed to 25 mmol/L glucose to promote high glucose conditions. Groups of cells were co-treated with three different combinations of dosages: 10 μmol/L GSH+2 μmol/L niacin, 30 μmol/L GSH+25 μmol/L niacin, and 100 μmol/L GSH+25 μmol/L niacin. After 72h incubation, protein carbonyl content(PCC)and glucose reactive protein(GRP78)content were assessed using ELISA examinations. After two-week incubation, advanced glycation end products(AGEs)were also assessed and the expression of αβ crystalline was measured using Western Blot examination. The SPSS 18.0 statistical package was used for all data analyses.<p>RESULTS:PCC and GRP78 levels in the co-treated groups were not significantly reduced compared to control(<i>P</i>>0.05). In contrast, there was a significant decrease of the AGEs levels in all groups co-treated with GSH and niacin when compared with the control group(<i>P</i><0.05). In addition, the αβ crystalline expression increased after high dose glucose administration, but decreased in all groups co-treated with GSH and combinations of GSH and niacin.<p>CONCLUSION:The results suggest that combinations of GSH and niacin inhibit the aggregation of proteins and prevent glycation in hyperglycemic human lens epithelial cells. This study shows that this combination may play an active role in preventing diabetic cataract mainly from the AGEs pathway.

Effect of Huangqi Guizhi Wuwutang on AGEs/RAGE/NF-κB Signaling Pathway in Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy Rats / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Objective:To study the effect of Huangqi Guizhi Wuwutang on receptor of advanced glycation end products(AGEs)/advanced glycation endproducts (RAGE)/nuclear transcription factor-kappa B p65 (NF-κB p65) signaling pathway in the diabetic peripheral neuropathy rats through an animal modeling experiment, and discuss the mechanism of Huangqi Guizhi Wuwutang in alleviating diabetic peripheral neuropathy. Method:Rat model of diabetic peripheral neuropathy was established by high-fat diet and intraperitoneal injection with streptozotocin (STZ). After successful modeling, Huangqi Guizhi Wuwutang intervention began in the fifth week. The patients in high-dose group (19.40 g∙kg-1∙d-1), middle-dose group (4.85 g∙kg-1∙d-1) and low-dose group (2.43 g∙kg-1∙d-1) were given by gavage continuously for 12 weeks. The western medicine control group was given 25 mg∙kg-1∙d-1 by gavage. After the experiment, serum interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Real-time fluorescent quantitative polymerase chain reaction (Real-time PCR) was used to detect RAGE and NF-κB p65 mRNA expressions in sciatic nerve tissue. The expressions of RAGE, NF-κB and phosphorylation(p)-NF-κB p65 proteins in sciatic nerve tissues were detected by Western blot (WB). Result:Compared with the normal group, serum IL-1β and TNF-α protein levels, RAGE mRNA and NF-κB p65 mRNA levels, RAGE protein, NF-κB p65 protein and p-NF-κB p65 protein levels were significantly increased in the model group (P<0.01), the ratio of p-NF-κB p65 to NF-κB p65 was increased, and the phosphorylation of NF-κB p65 was enhanced (P<0.01). After the intervention of Huangqi Guizhi Wuwutang, compared with the model group, serum IL-1β and TNF-α protein levels, RAGE and NF-κB p65 mRNA levels, RAGE protein, NF-κB p65 protein and p-NF-κB p65 protein levels were all decreased (P<0.01), the ratio of p-NF-κB p65 to NF-κB p65 was decreased in high-dose group (P<0.01). The effect was obvious with the increase of dose of astragalus cassia twig. Conclusion:Huangqi Guizhi Wuwutang can alleviate diabetic peripheral neuropathy, and its mechanism may be related to blocking the expression of RAGE on tissue cell surface in AGEs/RAGE/NF-κB signaling pathway, inhibiting the activation of NF-κB and inducing TNF-α triggered oxidative stress and excessive inflammatory response, so as to avoid cell damage and dysfunction.

Discussion on Regulating AGEs to Improve Diabetic Macrovascular Disease Based on Fu-xie Theory / 中国实验方剂学杂志

The long-term existence of hyperglycemia leads to the occurrence of metabolic memory effect， which is an important reason for the formation of diabetic macrovascular disease， so the early control of metabolic memory is the key to the prevention and treatment of diabetes and its complications. The excessive formation of advanced glycation end products （AGEs） is not only an important factor to cause metabolic memory， but also the core mechanism for diabetic macrovascular disease. It is believed in traditional Chinese medicine（TCM） that Fu-xie （incubative pathogen） is the key pathogenesis of the formation of diabetic vascular diseases， and it is necessary to adopt the principle of removing pathogenic factors and opening collaterals as early as possible to prevent and cure the disease. During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period， the theory of Fu-xie was germinated， and got mature in the Ming and Qing dynasties after the continuous development. The so-called Fu-xie means that the pathogens are of a potential nature but not cause diseases immediately. The theory of Fu-xie first appeared in Huangdi Neijing， with an original meaning of epidemic febrile disease occurring after incubation， and then its meaning continues to expand， now referring to all potential pathogenic factors that would not immediately cause diseases. As the cause and pathogenesis of many diseases， the theory of Fu-xie is widely used in clinical practice to guide the treatment of diseases. In the body， the accumulation of AEGs can induce the subsequent cascade effect in the body， and finally promote the formation and development of diabetic macrovascular diseases. This is very similar to the process of inducing metabolic disorder and disease in TCM due to the accumulation of phlegm and silt. Therefore， under the guidance of Fu-xie theory， the mechanism of AEGs in blocking metabolic memory and preventing and treating diabetic macrovascular disease was analyzed in this paper. On the one hand， it will provide a scientific basis for the exploration of Fu-xie theory affecting the disease course of diabetic macrovascular disease by regulating the generation of AEGs. On the other hand， it can also provide the material change basis for the development of Fu-xie theory in the occurrence and development of diabetic macroangiopathy.

Study of Prevalence of Hearing Loss in School Going Children Between Ages 8 to 14 Years of Jodhpur (Rajasthan)

Introduction: Normal hearing is very important for overalldevelopment of child. If a child is suffering from hearing loss,it affects his ability to acquire knowledge and skills. So thisstudy was done to estimate true prevalence in primary schoolsof Jodhpur region between ages 8 to 14 years.Material and Methods: Total 1200 students were includedin study from various schools of Jodhpur between ages 8 to14 years. Detailed otological examination done and hearingassessment done in silent room with 512 HZ turning fork test.All data with history obtained and analysed.Results: Total 146 students from 1200 students had hearingloss with most common type of hearing loss is conductive.Conclusion: Hearing loss specially in age group 8 to 14 yearsof school going children is preventable by simple measureslike paying attention to children regarding hearing by theirparents, teachers, Para-medical staff and conducting regularscreening programs.